Which are the cutting forces operating during turning processes?
The cutting force in turning refers to the main cutting force Fc which is tangential and often the largest force (except hard turning). As displayed in Fig. 1 and Fig. 2 below, in turning, Fc is the main cutting force acting tangentially to the rotational direction. While Fc, the feed force Ff and the passive force Fp can be measured directly during turning, the active Force Fa and the resultant force R are calculated. The active force is the vectorial sum of the main cutting force Fc and feed force Ff. It is sometimes used to compare different process settings. The resultant force is the vectorial sum of the main cutting force Fc, feed force Ff, and the passive force Fp and applied to compare different process settings as well.