ETH Zurich researchers opt for Kistler sensors for impact loading tests


For impact testing of timber structures, the Institute of Structural Engineering (IBK) at ETH Zurich relies on accelerometers and force sensors from Kistler. Impact loading tests with a pendulum impact hammer are carried out to determine the impact loading properties of different types of timber, capture impact forces precisely, and improve the assessment methods (energy vs. force) in the process.

Timber structures have been experiencing a comeback in recent years. For centuries, they were banned from cities – but thanks to improved fire protection methods, this is no longer the case. Also, houses built of timber offer large-scale potential for use as a carbon sink to reduce the greenhouse effect, because 1 m3 of timber stores about one metric ton of CO2. However, knowledge about timber as a building material is lagging behind expertise in materials such as steel and reinforced concrete which have dominated construction since the 19th century.

Nevertheless, there has been a long tradition of building with timber. The use of wood for housing as well as religious buildings dates back many hundreds of years, and some wooden pagodas built in Asia during the seventh or eighth centuries are still standing today. Activity in the timber construction industry is on the increase throughout the world, but the main hub for timber structures in recent years has been Europe – with a particular focus on the German-speaking countries and Scandinavia, where established design guidelines and value chains are in place. At ETH Zurich in Switzerland, the team of the Chair of Timber Structures at the Institute of Structural Engineering (IBK) undertakes research into tall timber buildings, fire protection, timber-concrete composite structures, and robustness; some of these studies are carried out in collaboration with industry partners.

Impact loading tests of timber structures have been conducted at the Institute for Structural Engineering at ETH Zurich.
Impact loading tests of timber structures have been conducted with sensor technology from Kistler at the Institute for Structural Engineering at ETH Zurich.

从间接到直接,一次测量方法的升级

来自挪威的Alex Sixie Cao在攻读博士期间专注于木材结构强度研究:“研究的目的是深入了解建筑在遭遇意外极端载荷事件时的表现——比如事故、爆炸、材料老化、冲击载荷等情况。”

2021年至2023年,团队在研究所结构工程实验室完成了一系列胶合层压木材(GLT)的冲击载荷测试。实验室配备长4.65米、重近3.5吨的大型摆锤冲击锤及三点冲击弯曲配置的木梁。

团队最初采用基于能量的方法,通过摆锤冲击木梁过程中的动能损失计算冲击参数。摆锤配备了奇石乐的角度传感器、高速摄像机及两款不同的加速度计。“它们运行得很好,但从理论层面看,我们并未获得预期的全部数据。”Cao回忆道,“因此我们决定增加奇石乐的力传感器来直接测量冲击力。”

这一转变标志着测试方法从间接推算走向直接测量——用实测的力的数据替代能量损失推算,从根本上提升了数据的可靠性与可解读性。

紧凑·高频·可靠,奇石乐测量链的核心优势

在与其他厂商产品的对比中,奇石乐的传感器以体积小巧、频率响应高、测量方案更可靠的特点脱颖而出。团队最终选用了奇石乐的完整测量链解决方案。

奇石乐9051C型压电式力传感器可提供精准的高动态冲击测量。 团队选用8个该型号传感器,其高刚度特性能够精准测量高动态变化的冲击力。在测试装置中,4个传感器分别安装在固定木梁的支撑系统左右两侧边缘,以矩形布局安装于平板下方,有效减少弯曲效应的影响。传感器设计极为紧凑,具备极高的刚度和极低的阈值分辨率,拥有两个经过校准的测量量程,且可通过单个电荷放大器的虚拟通道功能轻松实现数值累加。
 

测量系统还包括5167A型LabAmp实验室电荷放大器与DynoWare数据处理软件,确保极端短时冲击下的完整数据采集。由于冲击持续时间仅约12毫秒、峰值载荷约350kN,电荷放大器每通道每秒10万次的高速数据采集速率至关重要。

同时,奇石乐的全程技术支持是项目顺利推进的重要保障。 Cao特别强调:“奇石乐在设备搭建中给予了极大帮助——他们预先安装调试好传感器,协助我们解决力测量的触发问题,并在整个实验过程中提供支持。”不止于设备的安装调试,从实验方案设计阶段的选型建议,到实验进行中的数据采集优化,再到后续的数据分析与解读——奇石乐的现场技术支持与远程响应贯穿始终。Cao对此评价道:“奇石乐的解决方案为研究成果增色不少——设备紧凑实用,对使用条件的要求也更为简易。我们对奇石乐的支持服务非常满意!他们响应迅速,每次解决问题的方式都切实推动了我们测试工作的顺利开展。”
 

精准测量,为规范标准制定提供科学依据

2021年至2023年间,团队共完成逾百次冲击载荷测试,涵盖云杉、山毛榉等不同木材种类,以及胶合层压木材(GLT)、层压单板木材(LVL)等不同类型,还包括带指接与不带指接的木梁。

测试结果显示,基于能量法与基于力法的测量结果存在显著差异。目前加拿大渥太华大学基于爆炸载荷实验的木材动态强度增长系数取值范围为1.0至1.2,而苏黎世联邦理工的最新测试显示:采用反作用力法得到的动态强度增长系数为2.1,采用能量法为3.0。

Cao指出:“深入研究这两种方法的差异意义重大,只有这样,在将研究成果纳入木结构建筑规范标准前,才能基于坚实的科学依据做出决策。”不过,现阶段将这些成果直接应用于结构设计标准还为时尚早,仍需更多研究来深入理解其原理。“我们的冲击载荷测试工作进展顺利,未来肯定会继续推进,甚至可能将其作为一个独立项目深入研究。”

奇石乐测量技术使苏黎世联邦理工的冲击载荷测试能够与加拿大渥太华大学的爆炸载荷测试进行直接对比,为研究方法优化提供了坚实的基础。这一研究方法的持续优化,不仅有助于提升木结构建筑的效率与强度,还有望在岩石防护栏、公路护栏等木质防护结构的概念设计中发挥重要作用。

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